Monday, 15 May 2023

Paul 4 (John Mark)

Paul’s first missionary journey began in 45 AD with his visit to Cyprus with the apostle, Barnabas and a young man whose name was John Mark. After Cyprus Paul, Barnabas and the others who were in their company left Paphos and sailed to Perga in Pamphylia. However, John Mark left, not to return to the church in Antioch, Syria, but rather to return to Jerusalem, to his mother’s house.  There is reference to John Mark’s mother in the story of Peter’s escape from prison at the hands of an angel of the Lord. (Acts: 12) When Peter found himself freed, and out of prison, we are told that he went to the house of Mary, the mother of John, also called Mark. 


We can assume then, that Mary was a devoted follower of Christ and that there, in Jerusalem, John Mark would have grown up under her influence.  The other thing we should know about John Mark is that he was the cousin of Barnabas.  We know this to be true because Paul makes direct reference to this in his letter to the Thessalonians.  John Mark, we can see, was brought up in the early Christian church, and his cousin, Barnabas was a well loved and respected member of that church.  This family relationship explains why John Mark was at the church in Antioch and why he was allowed to accompany Barnabas and Saul on that first missionary journey, where, as we have seen, their first port of call was Cyprus.  The other thing to say is that John Mark, although a young man at that time, was a valued member of the team.  His inclusion in this highly significant undertaking was not based simply on family connections alone, but on capability.

Paul, it is evident, was greatly disappointed at what he clearly saw as Mark’s desertion. In fact, this disappointment was still very much an issue when, after several years, approximately AD 50, Paul and Barnabas decided to undertake another missionary journey, but a bitter dispute arose between the two men since Barnabas wanted to take John Mark along with them.  But Paul kept insisting they should not take him along who had deserted them in Pamphylia.  The split was permanent. William Barclay wrote:

We are not told of the reasons for John Mark’s desertion – there are a number of theories, perhaps conflict with the group, Barclay suggests that: He may have been afraid of the proposed next leg of the journey after leaving Cyprus, a journey up into the plateau where Antioch and Psidia, for it was one of the hardest and most dangerous roads in the world; perhaps because he came from Jerusalem he had doubts about his preaching to the gentiles, perhaps at this stage he was one of those lads who was better at beginning things than finishing them; perhaps – as Chrysostom said, long ago, the lad wanted his mother.  However, it was, he went for a time Paul found it hard to forgive.  

What we do know, of course, is that eventually, Paul did indeed forgive John Mark. Ten years later as a prisoner under house arrest in Rome, Paul wrote his letter to the Colossians, and in his final greeting he speaks favourably of those who were ministering to him, and one of those names mentioned favourably in that letter is John Mark.  And then, in probably Paul’s final letter, (2nd Timothy 4:11) he told Timothy “Get Mark and bring him with you for he is useful to me for my ministry.”  As far as we know, these are Paul’s last words concerning John Mark’s status.  So, we know that in the end there was a reconciliation; Mark came good and did redeem himself.

We could say ‘so what?’ a promising and capable young man deserts his colleagues and falls from favour, but then as time passes, he grows up, matures, and once again becomes a valuable and accepted member of the church.  We could say that there is nothing remarkable in that, the same could be said of countless thousands of men and women who have fallen by the wayside only to resume and redouble their efforts. 

Perhaps we could point the finger at Paul who for several years appears to be most unforgiving, remembering how he even fell out with Barnabas on this question, refusing to have John Mark accompany them on the second missionary journey some years later.  Surely, as an apostle, a founder – if not the principal founder of the Church, Paul should have been the exemplary Christian leader, the personification of love and forgiveness, but by all accounts, he wasn’t. 

But here, within the same movement, the early church, when we speak of Paul and Barnabas in the same breath, we are dealing with two different personalities.  The first mention we have of Barnabas in the Acts of the Apostles, he is introduced as Joseph the Levite from Cyprus, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means ‘son of encouragement’).  Barnabas sold a field he owned and brought the money and put it at the apostles’ feet.  So, the story of Barnabas begins with Barnabas being seen in a favourable light – he was well thought of, they honoured him by giving him that name ‘Barnabas’: Son of Encouragement.  I think from this we can easily imagine Barnabas as being someone having a sunny disposition, someone always ready to offer words of encouragement, a kind man, and generous too, but perhaps not quite as hard headed as Saul.  At the same time, we will remember Paul’s past as Saul, the fiery Pharisee whose passion and conviction led him to be implicated as an accessory to the murder of Stephen, the first martyr, Saul who until the intervention of Christ on the road to Damascus, was persecuting the early Church, the followers of the way. 

Perhaps at the heart of this dispute between Paul and Barnabas, John Mark’s desertion, was that during the visit to Cyprus, Paul supplanted Barnabas as the leader of the mission.  We cannot know for sure, but a close reading of this text shows us that out of the two men, in spite of Barnabas’ obvious qualities, that the kind of firm, decisive leadership that Paul displayed, were in fact the exact kind of qualities required in unknown, uncertain and dangerous situations. Such circumstances would demand exactly that kind of leadership. Paul’s leadership. Not that Paul was perfect of course, he wasn’t.  He once described himself as ‘the worst of sinners,’ saying that only as a result of the mercy of Jesus Christ was, he saved.

Again, we see that in the end Paul was reconciled to John Mark.  How can we account for it, but in the passing of time, that changes everything.  John Mark matured, he grew up and Paul mellowed.  It’s all part of God’s plan.  What we can take from this is that as long as we live on earth, as long as we continue in our mortal existence, we too will have problems and challenges, and occasionally we will fail.  I was once told that there is no such thing as failure, until you give up trying.  These days I think there are times when we can give up trying, but the simple answer to that, I think, is to give up giving up!  And start trying again.  Paul recognised the significance of his mission, the establishment of the Christian church, and if there was a code word for that mission it might well have been called ‘Mission Paramount.’  It’s no wonder then that Paul would call himself the ‘Apostle to the Gentiles,’ because with the exception of the Jews we do inhabit a largely gentile world.  He might as well have said that he was the apostle to the world.  And when we think about that we might get the measure and a sense of the weight of that responsibility resting on his shoulders.  When we think of the hardships Paul chose to suffer, and did suffer, for the cause of Christ, we might see that this harsh judgement in dealing with John Mark may pale significantly.

As for ourselves, in the throes of life, we will find that we often can only resort to trusting in God. Pusey said that God knows us through and through.  God knows us better than we know ourselves.  In life, as Pusey puts it, there is providence, but often our hopes and desires can be thwarted. But through these trials or setbacks, our spiritual state is being sculpted.  How often have we met failure, been let down, and had our hopes dashed by foreseen events.  But the truth is that all is in accordance with God’s plan.  Pusey said “As we know ourselves, we, thus far, know God.”  It’s not for us to know the future. And how many times have we desired something, only to realise afterwards how blessed we were indeed, not to realise those vain or foolish desires?

When we get those kinds of insights, we can learn something about ourselves.  Pusey says, until we come to this knowledge, we must take all in faith, believing, although we know not, the goodness of God towards us, as we know ourselves, we thus far know God.  Perhaps one thing we can know from the story of John Mark is that although we might lose hope and experience failure, but we can still be redeemed, we can still make good.  John Mark may have been a deserter, but in the end, he was restored and earned the praise of Paul and that we would have to say would certainly have been an accolade, a prize worth having.

 

Sunday, 23 April 2023

On St George's Day

Years ago, when I was at college preparing for ministry, there were, in the library, a few shelves of books, books that were free for students to take. They were second hand books that had, no doubt, once belonged to either retired ministers or had once belonged to ministers that had just passed on. 

One book I took from this shelf, and I still have it today, is a book entitled ‘Everyman’s Book of Saints’ by CPS Clarke.  His full title was the Venerable Charles Philip Stuart Clarke, and he lived from 1871-1947. 

Now, Charles Clarke, was a minister in the Church of England, he was part of what was once known as the Oxford Movement.  The Oxford Movement was centred at the University of Oxford and sought a renewal of ‘catholic’ or Roman Catholic, thought and practice within the Church of England in opposition to the protestant tendencies of the Church.  So, it’s not surprising then, that Charles Clarke, an Anglican priest, a Roman Catholic sympathiser, should write a book called the Everyman’s Book of Saints.

In the second paragraph of the introduction to his book, Charles Clarke really lays out his theology.  He writes of the ‘immense volume of intercession which these long dead saints offer on our behalf before the throne of God.’

The Roman Catholic Church venerates the saints.  But it seems to me that they really do pray to the saints, even to individual saints.  Thus, prayer for the return of lost or stolen property in the Catholic tradition would be offered to St Anthony.  The patron saint of lost causes is St Jude.  And as we all know; the patron saint of travel is St Christopher.  And then there are the ‘Hail Mary’s Mother of God,’ uttered amidst the liturgy and the incense of the Roman Catholic worship.

It all sounds very rich and complex – but we Protestants simply point to the scriptures of the Old and New Testament and so I offer you these words that encapsulate the First of the Ten Commandments: ‘Thou shalt have no God but me, before no idol bend thy knee. In other words, prayers according to the Bible should only be offered to God 

And for guidance on our prayers and in our petitions to God, we have only to turn to the New Testament where we have the words of Jesus (John 14:13-17) who says ‘And whatever you ask in my name, that I will do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son.  If you ask anything in my name, I will do it.’ 

Just as an aside, before we decide to make a prayer in the name of Jesus, we should be sure we are not merely making this prayer on a whim.  William Barclay wrote:

Can we honestly make this prayer in the name of Jesus?  The prayer which can stand the test of that consideration, and which in the end says ‘Your will be done, is always answered.  But the prayer based on self cannot expect to be granted.’

Returning to the Everyman’s Book of the Saints by Charles Clarke, I would hasten to say that I would not dismiss Charles Clarke’s work out of hand.  After all these years I still have his well-written, neat, and attractive little book which was originally published in 1914 and I really like it. In the introduction it reads:

What is a saint?  May we not say that the saints are the lamps of God lighted with His spirit, and reflecting the light of Christ, who lighteth every man, but is not reflected equally by all?  Trials, suffering, and labour are the opportunities given them, but which their light is cleansed and their light enabled to shine more brightly against the surrounding darkness. 

Charles Clarke also said that: “to study the lives of the saints is to be reminded of the fact of Christ as a living and working power in the life of man…’

I think that it’s in the spirit of these preceding words that we can go now to consider briefly, on this 23rd day of April, the life of our patron saint, the patron saint of England, St George. 

We often hear that criticism, which is what it is, that St George wasn’t even born in England.  But then again, the patron Saint of Scotland, Saint Andrew was born in Bethsaida, near the Sea of Galilee and St Patrick, the patron Saint of Ireland, was born in Britain and not on the island of Ireland, so I think we can see that place of birth is nothing to do with the authenticity or the origin of a particular saint.

Our patron saint, George, is included in a list of saints written in AD 495 by Pope Gelasius – Gelasius refers to St George in these terms, George: “whose name is justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God”.

St George is said to have belonged to a noble Cappadocian family.  Where is Cappadocia?  It’s in central Turkey.  Paul travelled through Cappadocia enroute to Galatia and St Peter in AD 63 wrote his first letter, to the Christians there.  However, St George was, in fact, born in Lydda in Palestine. 

When he was 10 years old his father died, but the young George went on to become an officer in the Roman Army, he became a tribune in the Imperial Guard, which means he was one rank above a centurion.  During his military service he visited Urmia in Persia.  Charles Clarke writes that: as a consequence, there are still many churches in the area, (of Urmia) and near one of them is a rosebush, or clump of rose bushes, fifty yards square, sacred to him, (St George) which may account for his association with that flower. 

We may associate St George with the English rose but it seems that that rose as an emblem only came into prominence, in England, during the Wars of the Roses (1455 -1487).

St George, as an officer in the Roman army, was therefore not as popularly imagined, a medieval knight, but rather a distinguished soldier, known to be good looking, courteous and brave.  There is even a tradition that during his service he did actually come to Britain.

During the time of George’s service to the Emperor Diocletian, Christianity was tolerated but this changed in AD 303, when the emperor, who had surrounded himself with anti-Christian supporters, began what became known as the Great Persecution.  It was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, this persecution amongst other things involved the burning of Christian books and the demolition of Christian churches.  The punishment inflicted for resistance to this persecution was imprisonment and torture and in some cases death. 

So, when the emperor Diocletian issued his edict of persecution, St George retired from the army and resolved to plead the cause of his persecuted fellow Christians before the emperor.  He returned to his home in Lydda, he freed his slaves, sold his possessions, gave away his money and went to see the emperor.  However, his appeal to the emperor proved to be unsuccessful.  Instead, he too was charged with being a Christian – he was ordered to sacrifice to, and worship the Roman, pagan gods.  Refusing and confirming his faith in Christ, St George was tortured and then beheaded.  His body was taken back to Lydda, by three of his servants.

Charles Clarke wrote that the emperor Constantine, who was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity, afterwards built a church near the tomb of St George.  The first church of Jerusalem dedicated to St George is said to have been erected by Helena, Constantine’s mother, near to the church of the Holy Sepulchre in AD 326.

Again, I’m reminded of those words of Charles Clarke, who wrote that to study the lives of the saints is to be reminded of the fact of Christ as a living and working power in the life of a man, In the life of St George, as we have it, albeit, from the dim and distant past, I think an image of the character of the man, does shine through.  His story is set against irrefutable historical events, his piety, his devotion to Christ and his martyrdom at the hands of the Roman Emperor Diocletian do not seem to be in dispute.

In the stories of great men and women, there are always accretions, embellishments that perhaps whilst not strictly true do point to the attributes and virtues of the person concerned. What about the story of George and the dragon then? Well, if any actual living animal resembles a dragon, it’s of course the crocodile, it’s a fearsome, formidable and terrifying beast. The story goes that St George, on his way home to Lydda, passed through Beirut; near there was a river called ‘the water of the crocodile’ out of that river would come an enormous crocodile, it was notorious for killing and eating and terrorising the local population.  It’s suggested that St George heroically killed that crocodile thereby ridding the population of that particular menace.  Thus arises, possibly, the legend of George and the Dragon. 

Whichever way we consider the life of St George, I’m sure that what does come shining through is the portrayal of a brave man, a hero, a distinguished soldier, but he is remembered really for his faith in Christ and his martyrdom as a Christian.  Let’s turn to the words of that children’s hymn by Jan Struther: When a Knight Won his Spurs. The words of this hymn should speak to children and to adults alike reminding us that like the warriors of old that we too should gird ourselves for our own personal battles against the dark forces of this world, dark forces that we are all too familiar with.

No charger have I, and no sword by my side

Yet still into adventure and battle I ride

Though back into story land giants have fled

And the knights are no more and the dragons are dead.

 

Let faith be my shield and let joy be my steed 

Against the dragons of anger the ogres of greed 

And let me set free with the sword of my youth 

From the castle of darkness the power of the truth 

Charles Clarke described the Saints as the ‘heroes of the Church.’ The lives of such great men and women can and do stand out as examples for us to follow, to encourage us and to inspire us. It’s probably not given to us to literally ride on to the battlefield, dressed in a suit of shining armour, and to carry a sword and a shield in our ordinary day to day life, but our life of faith and righteousness still calls us to put on the spiritual armour of God, as St Paul put it:

Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.  For we battle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places (Ephesians 6:11-12)

Prayer of St George

 Almighty God, who gave to your servant George boldness to Confess the Name of our Saviour Jesus Christ before the rulers of this world, and courage to die for this faith: Grant that we may always be ready to give a reason for the hope that is in us, and to suffer gladly for the sake of our Lord Jesus Christ; who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen